Dress right or pay the price: Clothing laws around the world
- Paul Aage Hegvik
- Mar 7
- 12 min read
Updated: Mar 14
In an effort to maintain public decorum and respect local customs, numerous countries worldwide have implemented strict dress codes, with fines and other penalties imposed on those who fail to comply.
Around the world, governments and local authorities are tightening dress code regulations, with fines and penalties for those who fail to comply. From beach towns cracking down on tourists wearing bikinis in public streets to nations enforcing modest attire for religious or cultural reasons, the rules vary widely. Some destinations, like Portugal and Spain, are targeting overly casual beachwear in city centers, while countries such as Iran and Sudan impose strict modesty laws, with severe consequences for violations.
Ensure respectful and lawful conduct
These differing policies reflect cultural values, social norms, and political priorities, shaping how dress codes are enforced across the globe.Travelers are advised to familiarize themselves with local dress codes and cultural norms of their destinations to ensure respectful and lawful conduct, thereby enhancing their travel experience and fostering positive interactions with local communities.
As global travel resumes, it's crucial for tourists to research and respect local dress codes to avoid fines or other penalties. Understanding and adhering to these regulations not only prevents personal inconvenience but also demonstrates cultural sensitivity, fostering positive interactions between visitors and host communities.
Ongoing debate about niqab and burqa
Denmark has implemented a ban on face-covering attire, including burqas and niqabs. The law, which came into force on August 1, 2018, carries a fine of 1,000 DKK (approximately €134) for first-time offenders, with repeat offenses punishable by fines up to 10,000 DKK. The legislation targets all garments that cover the face, aiming to facilitate integration and uphold societal norms. Justice Minister Søren Pape Poulsen defended the legislation, stating to the Guardian, «In terms of value, I see a discussion of what kind of society we should have with the roots and culture we have, and those are the discussions we're taking now.»
«All women should be free to dress as they please and to wear clothing that expresses their identity or beliefs. This ban will have a particularly negative impact on Muslim women who choose to wear the niqab or burqa.» Fotis Filippou Amnesty International's Deputy Europe Director The law faced criticism from various organizations (August 2018)
In response to the ban, Iranian-born Danish fashion designer Reza Etamadi protested by featuring models wearing traditional Muslim hijabs and niqabs during Copenhagen Fashion Week. This act was according to Teen Vogue intended to challenge the new law and support women's right to choose their attire.
As of February 2025, Denmark continues to enforce its ban on face-covering garments, including the niqab and burqa, in public spaces. The law, which came into effect on August 1, 2018, imposes fines starting at 1,000 Danish kroner for first-time offenders, escalating to 10,000 kroner for repeat violations.
Enforcement of the law has been relatively limited. In 2022, only one individual was charged under this legislation. Despite ongoing debates, the Danish government maintains that the ban aligns with national values and public safety concerns.
First hijab-wearing high-fashion model
In 2017, Somali-American model Halima Aden made history by becoming the first hijab-wearing high-fashion model to walk runways in New York and Milan. This groundbreaking achievement marked a pivotal moment in the fashion world, as Halima’s presence challenged traditional beauty standards and opened the door for greater inclusivity and representation.
Halima Aden’s debut in high fashion was a turning point for the industry, as it sparked important discussions about diversity, cultural representation, and the importance of showcasing different forms of beauty. Her appearance on the runways not only proved that modest fashion could thrive in mainstream fashion, but it also inspired a wave of change, encouraging designers and fashion institutions to rethink their approach to casting models.
With Halima's breakthrough, the fashion industry saw a growing trend toward embracing diversity, from different body types and ethnic backgrounds to incorporating religious and cultural symbols like the hijab.
Fashion houses such as Fendi and Max Mara began to feature hijab-wearing models in their collections, while Halima’s collaboration with renowned brands like Sports Illustrated and Nike demonstrated the market demand for modest fashion.
Halima's success has further fueled the acceptance of modest fashion on global runways, amplifying the voices of Muslim women and encouraging other designers and models to follow suit. She continues to be a powerful advocate for inclusivity, showing that the fashion industry can evolve to celebrate all forms of beauty, culture, and identity.
Sparking outrage
Iran enforces a mandatory dress code requiring women to wear the hijab in public. Recent legislation has intensified penalties for non-compliance, including heavy fines, imprisonment, and even the death penalty for repeated offenses. These stringent measures aim to uphold Islamic values and public morality.
Mahsa Amini, a 22-year-old Kurdish woman from Iran, became a symbol of resistance and a catalyst for widespread protests after her tragic death in September 2022. Mahsa was arrested by Iran's morality police for allegedly violating the country's strict dress code, which mandates women to wear a hijab in public. She fell into a coma shortly after her arrest and died in the hospital, sparking outrage both in Iran and internationally.
Her death ignited massive protests across Iran, with women leading the charge by defiantly removing their hijabs and demanding greater freedom and rights.
The protests quickly evolved into broader anti-government demonstrations, calling for an end to the oppressive regime and advocating for women's rights, human rights, and political freedom.
The phrase «Zan, Zendegi, Azadi» («Women, Life, Freedom») became the rallying cry for protesters.
The protests were met with violent crackdowns by Iranian authorities, but the movement garnered significant international attention, with global figures and organizations voicing their support for the Iranian people’s fight for justice and freedom. Mahsa Amini's tragic death highlighted the ongoing struggle for women's rights in Iran, pushing the issue to the forefront of international conversations on gender equality and civil liberties.
Her legacy continues to inspire those advocating for women's rights, and the protests have become a powerful reminder of the fight against systemic oppression.
Cruise lines implement onboard dress codes
Cruise ships often enforce dress codes, particularly in formal dining areas. Carnival Cruise Line, for example, requires men to wear long pants and closed-toe shoes during dinner, prohibiting shorts and sandals. While enforcement can vary, passengers have reported being turned away from dining venues for not adhering to these guidelines. Discussions among cruise enthusiasts reveal mixed feelings about dress codes, with some appreciating the formality and others viewing them as outdated.
Some cruise lines also include specific guidelines for swimwear to maintain a level of formality and decorum in public areas. These dress codes often vary between different cruise lines and types of venues on the ship.
Some cruise lines may impose an additional charge for those who consistently disregard the dress code, especially in formal dining areas. This charge can range from $25 to $100 depending on the cruise line.
Airlines uphold in-flight dress standards
Airlines maintain specific dress codes to ensure passenger comfort and safety. For instance, Hawaiian Airlines permits shorts but prohibits swimwear such as Speedos and bikini bottoms. Bare feet are also not allowed on board.
In another case, two female passengers accused a Spirit Airlines flight attendant of sexism after being removed from a flight due to their attire, which allegedly violated the airline's dress code. These incidents highlight the importance of passengers familiarizing themselves with airline-specific attire policies to avoid disruptions.
Cultural sensitivities lead to stricter regulations
In Zanzibar, authorities have mandated a dress code for tourists, requiring attire that covers shoulders to knees in public places. Offenders face fines starting at $700, a move designed to respect local culture and religious values.
Similarly, Addis Ababa has introduced fines up to 50,000 birr for hotel and restaurant staff wearing dresses above the knee.
Ms. Genet Yimer, Director of Qualification and Classification of Tourist Service Institutions at the Addis Ababa Culture, Arts, and Tourism Office, stated that this regulation aims to «preserve Ethiopian culture and values in the hospitality industry.»
Portugal's Algarve region enforces dress code
The Algarve, a renowned tourist hotspot in Portugal, has introduced fines of up to €1,500 for individuals found wearing swimwear beyond designated beach and pool areas. This initiative aims to curb semi-nudity in public spaces and preserve the region's family-friendly atmosphere.
Additionally, street drinking can result in fines of approximately €250. These measures are part of a broader Code of Behaviour currently under public consultation.
Spain's crackdown on dress codes
In Spain, cities like Málaga have begun enforcing regulations against walking topless or in swimwear away from the beach. Offenders may face fines up to €750. Local councils have displayed posters throughout the city, advising tourists to always wear an upper garment in streets and public areas. Mayor Francisco de la Torre emphasized that these measures are in place to «maintain coexistence between residents and visitors.»
«These measures are in place to «maintain coexistence between residents and visitors.» Francisco de la Torre Mayor, Malaga
Similarly, Barcelona has implemented fines of approximately €250 for wearing bikinis or going shirtless in public areas not adjacent to the beach. These regulations are part of a broader effort to address «unruly and indecent» behavior among tourists.
Italy's modesty crackdown
Italian cities, including Sorrento, have introduced fines for tourists walking around shirtless or in swimwear beyond beach areas. In August 2024, Massimo Coppola, the Mayor of Sorrento, Italy, implemented a €500 fine for individuals found wearing swimwear outside designated beach and pool areas. He stated that such behavior contributed to «widespread indecorous behavior» and damaged the town's reputation.
Additionally, visitors to religious sites and certain landmarks in Rome are required to adhere to strict dress codes, covering shoulders, knees, and cleavage. Failure to comply can result in denied entry and potential fines.
Croatia's measures against public indecency
In 2017, Hvar, Croatia, introduced fines for tourists engaging in inappropriate behavior, including wearing swimwear outside designated beach areas. The town's mayor, Rikardo Novak, implemented these measures to maintain the town's reputation and ensure a respectful environment for both locals and visitors.
The fines aimed to curb indecorous behavior and preserve the town's family-friendly atmosphere, and can reach up to €600 for individuals caught walking around in swimwear outside of beaches or pools. Public drinking can incur fines up to €700.
Signs throughout the town remind tourists of these regulations to maintain public order and respect local sensibilities. Dubrovnik in Croatia, a popular UNESCO World Heritage site, has strict regulations regarding swimwear. Tourists are not allowed to walk around in swimsuits or shirtless in public areas outside designated beaches. Similar to Hvar, the aim is to maintain the city’s image as a family-friendly destination.
Split and Zadar are also among the places where you can be fined for not dressing according to the rules.
Australia's swimwear restrictions
In Sydney's Blue Mountains, public swimming pools have enforced a ban on G-string swimwear, labeling it as «inappropriate» for their facilities. This move has sparked debate over public decency and women's autonomy, with critics arguing that such regulations promote body shaming rather than acceptance.
Malaysia's prohibition of cross-dressing
In Malaysia, laws prohibit men from wearing women's clothing, with violations potentially resulting in fines up to 5,000 ringgit (approximately US$1,200) or imprisonment. This enforcement reflects the country's commitment to upholding traditional gender norms and public decency.
For instance, in October 2024, two foreign men were each fined 5,000 ringgit by a court in Malaysia after pleading guilty to wearing indecent clothes during a controversial running event. The charges were read in Mandarin to one defendant and in English to the other. Both men were accused of committing an obscene act that caused disturbance to others in a public place by wearing indecent clothing. Public indecency is an offence under Section 294 of Malaysia’s Penal Code, which carries a punishment upon conviction of imprisonment for up to three months or a fine, or both.
Additionally, in 2017, the Malaysian Court of Appeal ruled that a Shariah law criminalizing Muslim transgender people in Negeri Sembilan state was unconstitutional. However, the state government is now trying to overturn that decision.
These legal measures underscore Malaysia's dedication to maintaining traditional gender roles and public decency standards.
Sudan's attire restrictions
Sudan mandates that women wear dresses and socks, adhering to conservative dress codes. Violations are considered «indecent or immoral dress,» punishable by 40 lashes, a fine, or both. These laws are rooted in the country's strict interpretation of Sharia law.
Qatar's modesty laws
In Qatar, attire must cover shoulders and knees. The penal code punishes and forbids the wearing of revealing or indecent clothes. This dress code law is enforced by a government body called «Al-Adheed.» These regulations aim to align with cultural norms and maintain public decorum.
Saudi Arabia: legal rules
As the kingdom opens to tourists, it has implemented a public decency code outlining specific dress requirements. Fines for violations range from 50 riyals (£11) to 6,000 riyals (£1,302).
The government stated that these regulations are meant to «ensure that visitors and tourists in the kingdom are aware of the law relating to public behaviour so that they comply with it.»
Saudi Arabia has made significant strides in recent years to become more liberal, especially with changes under Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman’s Vision 2030 initiative, which seeks to modernize the country.
In 2019, Saudi Arabia lifted the ban on women driving, and there has been an increased push for gender inclusivity in various sectors.
Aseel Al Hamad is a trailblazer for female drivers in the Middle East. As the first female member of the Saudi Arabian Motor Federation, she played a key role in advocating for women's participation in motorsports. When Saudi Arabia lifted its ban on women driving in 2018, Al Hamad marked the historic moment by driving a Formula One car on the same day. Her achievements symbolize progress and empowerment for female drivers, inspiring a new generation of women to pursue careers in motorsports and beyond.
However, dress codes remain largely conservative, particularly for women. While women no longer have to wear the traditional black abaya (a long robe) in public in some areas, they are still expected to dress modestly, covering their arms, legs, and hair in public. The hijab is still a requirement, though enforcement is less strict in some cities, especially in urban centers like Riyadh and Jeddah.
Men in Saudi Arabia also have a more formal dress code, with many choosing to wear the traditional thobe (a long white robe), but casual wear is also acceptable in most settings.
Overall, while there has been a slight easing of certain restrictions, Saudi Arabia’s dress codes are still strictly adhered to in many public spaces, especially in more conservative areas. The country’s shift towards a more modern image is progressing but remains balanced with adherence to cultural and religious norms.
North Korea's dress codes
In North Korea, dress codes are part of the country’s strict regulation of personal appearance, aimed at maintaining uniformity and adherence to state-approved values.
For men, the dress code mandates that they wear modest, plain clothing, typically consisting of simple suits or military-style attire, reflecting the country’s emphasis on discipline. Haircuts are also highly regulated, with men required to keep their hair between 1-5 cm in length. They are expected to trim it every 15 days, ensuring a neat and uniform appearance.
For women, the dress code is similarly conservative. They are expected to wear dresses or skirts that cover their arms and legs, with modest cuts and minimal use of bright colors or flashy patterns.
Pants, especially for women, are typically not allowed in public, although there have been reports of some exceptions in more urban areas. Haircuts for women are also prescribed, with only a few acceptable styles.
Both men and women are discouraged from wearing Western-style clothing, such as jeans or casual wear, especially in public or official settings. The government promotes a traditional, modest appearance, and any deviation from these standards—whether through clothing, hairstyle, or accessories—can attract unwanted attention from authorities.
In public, the focus is on maintaining a disciplined, uniform look, and personal expression through fashion is largely suppressed. The government's tight control over appearance is designed to reflect the country's collective values and reinforce loyalty to the regime.
